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national identification number
A national identification number, national identity number, or national insurance number is used by the governments of many countries as a means of tracking their citizens, permanent residents, and temporary residents for the purposes of work, taxation, government benefits, health care, and other governmentally-related functions. The number appear on identity documents issued by several of the countries.
The ways in which such a system is implemented are dependent on the country, but in most cases, a citizen is issued an identification number when they reach the legal age of 18 or at birth. Non-citizens may be issued such numbers when they enter the country, or when granted a temporary or permanent residence permit.
Many countries issued such numbers for a singular purpose, but over time, they become a ''de facto'' national identification number. For example, the United States developed its Social Security number system as a means of organizing disbursing of Social Security benefits. However, due to function creep, the number has become used for other purposes to the point where it is almost essential to have one to, among other things, open a bank account, obtain a credit card, or drive a car. Although some countries are required to collect TIN/SSN information for overseas payment procedures, some countries, like the US, are not required to collect other nations' TIN if other requirements are met, such as date of birth.〔http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/iw8ben.pdf〕〔http://www.irs.gov/Individuals/International-Taxpayers/U.S.-Taxpayer-Identification-Number-Requirement〕 Authorities use databases and they need a unique key in order to be sure that data actually refer to the searched person. In countries where there is no established nationwide number, authorities need to create their own number for each person, although there is still a risk of mismatching people.
== Africa ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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